§ 02Peer Z-scores · the EV-startup cohort

The legacy autos sit safely; the pure-play EV startups all sit in distress. Z-score discriminates the cohort precisely — but doesn't say which firms can survive distress through equity issuance and which can't.
Q1 2026 Z-scores · automaker peer set
Company Profile Z-score Cash ($B) Implied runway Zone
Rivian (RIVN) US EV startup −1.61 7.6 ~21 months Distress
Lucid (LCID) US EV startup −2.85 3.4 ~14 months Distress
NIO (NIO) China EV startup −1.28 5.9 ~16 months Distress
Tesla (TSLA) US EV — profitable 3.42 38.0 Safe
Ford (F) Legacy auto · ICE+EV 1.95 28.1 Grey
GM (GM) Legacy auto · ICE+EV 2.18 21.4 Grey